Analisis Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia: Peran Investasi, Jumlah Penduduk, dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah

Abstract

Economic growth is one of the primary indicators of national development success, reflecting improvements in production capacity and societal welfare. Various macroeconomic factors contribute to economic growth, including investment, population size, and government expenditure. This article aims to analyze the determinants of economic growth in Indonesia through a synthesis of theories and empirical findings regarding the roles of these three variables. The study employs a literature synthesis approach by reviewing relevant scientific articles, official institutional reports, and previous studies. The synthesis findings reveal that investment significantly contributes to economic growth through capital accumulation, productivity enhancement, and job creation. Population size has the potential to become a development asset by increasing labor supply and aggregate demand; however, its effectiveness largely depends on the quality of human resources. Meanwhile, government expenditure serves as a fiscal instrument that supports infrastructure development, public service provision, and economic activity expansion. The synthesis of previous studies indicates that these three variables have complementary relationships in promoting sustainable economic growth. Therefore, integrated policies are required to enhance investment quality, optimize demographic dividends, and improve the effectiveness of government expenditure in strengthening inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Indonesia